在您所在国家,广告必须披露什么
联盟链接和推广帖属于广告,必须 加以标明。各地要求的差异比想象中大:有的地方帖子开头 有一个词就够了,有的地方需要国家分配的 标识号,还有的地方需要广告经营许可。
这不是法律咨询意见。 下面是监管机构文件中所写的内容,并附文档链接。由此可以得出什么 лично 取决于您的居住地、平台和合同; 这样的问题由律师回答,而不是由手册回答。
美国
何时必须标明。 16 CFR 255.5(a):«When there exists a connection between the endorser and the seller of the advertised product that might materially affect the weight or credibility of the endorsement, and that connection is not reasonably expected by the audience, such connection must be disclosed clearly and conspicuously. Material connections can include a business, family, or personal relationship. They can include monetary payment or the provision of free or discounted products (including products unrelated to the endorsed product) to an endorser, regardless of whether the advertiser requires an endorsement in return»;«A material connection needs to be disclosed when a significant minority of the audience for an endorsement does not understand or expect the connection» 第 255.5 节的文本通过 eCFR 的公开 API 获取(versioner v1,第 16 编发布日期 2026-07-31);ftc.gov 网站和 ecfr.gov 网页对普通请求返回 403。不作翻译,引文照录。规则 255.5(b) Example 2:如果付款是«ordinarily expected by viewers»(电视广告中的明星),则不要求披露 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 16 CFR 255 中没有逐字规定的强制表述;255.5(a):«A disclosure of a material connection does not require the complete details of the connection, but it must clearly communicate the nature of the connection sufficiently for consumers to evaluate its significance»。美国联邦贸易委员会工作人员的建议(Disclosures 101):«Simple explanations like “Thanks to Acme brand for the free product” are often enough if placed in a way that is hard to miss»;«So are terms like “advertisement,” “ad,” and “sponsored”»;«On a space-limited platform like Twitter, the terms “AcmePartner” or “Acme Ambassador” (where Acme is the brand name) are also options»;«It’s fine (but not necessary) to include a hashtag with the disclosure, such as #ad or #sponsored»;«Don’t use vague or confusing terms like “sp,” “spon,” or “collab,” or stand-alone terms like “thanks” or “ambassador”»;«The disclosure should be in the same language as the endorsement itself» 美国联邦贸易委员会工作人员的手册«Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers»,页面底部的日期为«November 2019»;委员会本身在 255.0(a) 脚注 1 中指出,工作人员的解释«not approved by or binding upon the Commission»。原话按英文照录 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 16 CFR 255.0(f):«“clear and conspicuous” means that a disclosure is difficult to miss (i.e., easily noticeable) and easily understandable by ordinary consumers… If a communication’s representation necessitating a disclosure is made through visual means, the disclosure should be made in at least the communication’s visual portion; if the representation is made through audible means, the disclosure should be made in at least the communication’s audible portion; and if the representation is made through both visual and audible means, the disclosure should be made in the communication’s visual and audible portions… In any communication using an interactive electronic medium, such as social media or the internet, the disclosure should be unavoidable»。Disclosures 101:«The disclosure should be placed with the endorsement message itself»;«Disclosures are likely to be missed if they appear only on an ABOUT ME or profile page, at the end of posts or videos, or anywhere that requires a person to click MORE»;«Don’t mix your disclosure into a group of hashtags or links»;对于视频 — «the disclosure should be in the video and not just in the description uploaded with the video»;对于直播 — «the disclosure should be repeated periodically» «clear and conspicuous»的定义 —《指南》第 255.0(f) 节;关于展示位置的细化 — 美国联邦贸易委员会工作人员手册,地址 ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/disclosures-101-social-media-influencers。在强制性规则 16 CFR 465.1(c)(4) 中同样的意思说得更严:«A disclosure is not clear and conspicuous if a consumer must take any action, such as clicking on a hyperlink or hovering over an icon, to see it» 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 广告主和作者都要负责。16 CFR 255.1(d):«Advertisers are subject to liability for misleading or unsubstantiated statements made through endorsements or for failing to disclose unexpected material connections between themselves and their endorsers… An advertiser may be liable for a deceptive endorsement even when the endorser is not liable»。255.1(e):«Endorsers may also be liable for failing to disclose unexpected material connections between themselves and an advertiser, such as when an endorser creates and disseminates endorsements without such disclosures»。Disclosures 101:«As an influencer, it’s your responsibility to make these disclosures… Don’t rely on others to do it for you»。关于测评类平台 255.4(b)(3):«If, however, the review website does not take payments for higher rankings, but receives payments from some of the headphone manufacturers, such as for affiliate link referrals, it should clearly and conspicuously disclose that it receives such payments» 引文出自第 255.1(d)、255.1(e) 节、255.4 的例 3 以及 Disclosures 101 手册 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。《指南》本身不设定制裁。16 CFR 255.0(a):«The Guides provide the basis for voluntary compliance with the law by advertisers and endorsers. Practices inconsistent with these Guides may result in corrective action by the Commission under section 5 if, after investigation, the Commission has reason to believe that the practices fall within the scope of conduct declared unlawful by the statute»。依《联邦贸易委员会法》确定的金额上限公布在 16 CFR 1.98:«Section 5(l) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. 45(l)—$53,088»,«Section 5(m)(1)(A) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. 45(m)(1)(A)—$53,088»,«Section 5(m)(1)(B)… —$53,088»;引言中的保留:«The following maximum civil penalty amounts apply only to penalties assessed after January 17, 2025» 金额照录自 16 CFR 1.98(罚款的通胀调整);我们不对具体违法行为与具体条款的对应关系作解释。另外还有强制性规则 16 CFR Part 465«Rule on the Use of Consumer Reviews and Testimonials»(89 FR 68077,22.08.2024),依据 15 U.S.C. 57a 通过 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 Disclosures 101:«If posting from abroad, U.S. law applies if it’s reasonably foreseeable that the post will affect U.S. consumers. Foreign laws might also apply»。关于语言 — «The disclosure should be in the same language as the endorsement itself»。16 CFR 255.0(f):«When an endorsement targets a specific audience, such as older adults, “ordinary consumers” includes members of that group» 认定标准不是国籍也不是居住地,而是对美国消费者可预见的影响;这一表述出自美国联邦贸易委员会工作人员的手册 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 16 CFR Part 255«Guides Concerning Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising», Source: 88 FR 48102, July 26, 2023;配套的强制性规则 16 CFR Part 465«Rule on the Use of Consumer Reviews and Testimonials», Source: 89 FR 68077, Aug. 22, 2024;美国联邦贸易委员会工作人员的手册«Disclosures 101 for Social Media Influencers», November 2019 来源日期取自第 255 和第 465 部分文本中的 Source: 行,该文本由 eCFR API 按第 16 编 2026-07-31 的发布日期给出 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
欧盟
何时必须标明。 指令 2005/29/EC 第 7(2) 条:«It shall also be regarded as a misleading omission when… a trader hides or provides in an unclear, unintelligible, ambiguous or untimely manner such material information as referred to in that paragraph or fails to identify the commercial intent of the commercial practice if not already apparent from the context, and where, in either case, this causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise»。附件一第 11 点(在任何情况下均被禁止):«Using editorial content in the media to promote a product where a trader has paid for the promotion without making that clear in the content or by images or sounds clearly identifiable by the consumer (advertorial)»。附件一第 11a 点:«Providing search results in response to a consumer’s online search query without clearly disclosing any paid advertisement or payment specifically for achieving higher ranking of products within the search results»。指引 2021/C 526/01 第 4.2.6 点:«The commercial element is considered to be present whenever the influencer receives any form of consideration for the endorsement, including in case of payment, discounts, partnership arrangements, percentage from affiliate links, free products (including unsolicited gifts), trips or event invitations etc. The presence of a contract and monetary payment is not necessary to trigger the application of these rules» 文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 无论是指令还是指引,都没有规定必须逐字使用的用语。指令要求把商业意图标示出来:附件一第 11 点 — «without making that clear in the content or by images or sounds clearly identifiable by the consumer»。指引 2021/C 526/01 第 4.2.6 点:«According to Article 7(2) all commercial communications must be clearly indicated as such, unless already apparent from the context»;«The disclosure of the commercial element must be clear and appropriate, taking into account the medium in which the marketing takes place, including the context, placement, timing, duration, language, target audience and other aspects» 欧盟不规定具体的用词和话题标签;指引直接指向各国自律机构 — 脚注 361(在文本中为该节的注释):«further self-regulatory guidance regarding specific considerations and examples of disclosures for influencer marketing have been provided by national advertising self-regulatory bodies»。文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 指引 2021/C 526/01 第 4.2.6 点:«The disclosure must be sufficiently salient to adequately inform the average or vulnerable consumer that receives the content. For example, the disclosure cannot be considered adequate in case the information concerning the commercial communication is not displayed prominently (e.g. hashtags at the end of a lengthy disclaimer; merely tagging a trader) or requires the consumer to take additional steps (e.g. click on “read more”)»;«It is also necessary to individually label each commercial communication as it reaches consumers, even if the influencer is engaged in a broader endorsement arrangement with a trader/brand» 文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 作者、广告主和平台都要负责。指引 2021/C 526/01 第 4.2.6 点:«For the purposes of the UCPD, an influencer would qualify as a “trader” or, alternatively, as person “acting in the name of or on behalf of a trader”. Persons that frequently carry out promotional activities towards consumers on their social media accounts are likely to qualify as “traders”, regardless of the size of their following»;«Depending on the circumstances of the case, the breach could be attributed both to the influencer or to the trader/brand that has engaged the influencer and benefits from the endorsement. The presence of editorial control by the trader is not necessary to trigger the application of these rules but could serve as a factor in the determination of its liability»;«In addition to the obligations of influencers and brands, the online platform that is used for the promotional activities is subject to its own obligations of professional diligence under the UCPD… e.g. to provide specific and appropriate disclosure tools in the platform’s interface» 文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 指令 2005/29/EC 第 13(1) 条:«Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive… The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive»。第 13(3) 条:«…the maximum amount of such fines being at least 4 % of the trader’s annual turnover in the Member State or Member States concerned»。第 13(4) 条:«For cases where a fine is to be imposed in accordance with paragraph 3, but information on the trader’s annual turnover is not available, Member States shall introduce the possibility to impose fines, the maximum amount of which shall be at least EUR 2 million» 这是成员国必须规定的最低上限;具体数额由各国法律确定。第 13(3) 条的保留适用于依《条例》(欧盟)2017/2394 采取的协调行动。文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 指令 2005/29/EC 第 3(1) 条:«This Directive shall apply to unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices, as laid down in Article 5, before, during and after a commercial transaction in relation to a product»。认定标准是«trader»身份和消费者,而不是作者的国籍;指引 2021/C 526/01 第 4.2.6 点:«The obligations to be clear about the commercial communication apply to traders regardless of whether they are the suppliers of the products»。指令是不直接适用的法律文件:适用的是成员国为执行指令而通过的国内法 指令文本中没有见到关于地域或语言适用范围的直接规定;最后一句不是解释,而是指令性质的直接结果,这一性质见于第 13(1) 条(«infringements of national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive»)。文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 欧洲议会和理事会 2005 年 5 月 11 日第 2005/29/EC 号指令«concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market»(«Unfair Commercial Practices Directive»),OJ L 149 11.6.2005, p. 22;我们读的是合并版本 02005L0029 — EN — 28.05.2022 — 001.001。解释性文件:COMMISSION NOTICE — «Guidance on the interpretation and application of Directive 2005/29/EC…»,(2021/C 526/01),29.12.2021 的《官方公报》C 526/1,第 4.2.6 节«Influencer marketing» 合并文本标注为«This text is meant purely as a documentation tool and has no legal effect»;作准文本见《官方公报》。文本通过欧盟公开出版物门户 publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/... 获取(Accept: application/xhtml+xml);eur-lex.europa.eu 页面本身对普通请求返回空的 202 响应 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
英国
何时必须标明。 CAP Code 第 2.1 条:«Marketing communications must be obviously identifiable as such»;2.3:«Marketing communications must not falsely claim or imply that the marketer is acting as a consumer or for purposes outside its trade, business, craft or profession; marketing communications must make clear their commercial intent, if that is not apparent from the context»;2.4:«Marketers and publishers must make clear that advertorials are marketing communications; for example, by heading them “advertisement feature”»。ASA 的在线建议:«Section 2 of the CAP Code requires that marketing communications are obviously identifiable as such»;«Whenever a brand gives an influencer a payment or any other incentive (requested or unsolicited), or an influencer is otherwise personally or commercially connected to the brand (e.g., owner, employee, shareholder, director or have any other commercial or personal interest), any content featuring or referring to the brand will need to be obviously identifiable as advertising» 2.1–2.4 条的文本读自 CAP Code 第 2 节«Recognition of marketing communications»,地址 asa.org.uk/type/non_broadcast/code_section/02.html。引文为英文原文照录,不作翻译。ASA 的 robots.txt 关闭了 */type/capcode/code_rule/* 路径,单条规则的页面我们没有请求 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 ASA 直接列出了标签。足够的:«Ad»、«Advert»、«Advertising»、«Ad Feature»、«Advertisement Feature» — «all very likely to be considered acceptable by the ASA (with or without a “#”)»。不够的:«Supported by»、«Funded by»、«Gifted»、«In association with»、«Thanks to X»、«sponsored»、«#BrandAmbassador»、«my collection»、«aff»、«sp»、«spon»、«affiliate»。关于 sponsored 一词另有说明:«Because the term “sponsored” is open to varied interpretation, we advise against using this label to refer to advertising»。法规本身(2.4)只给了一个例子:«for example, by heading them “advertisement feature”» 这是六个法域中唯一一个由监管者给出合格与不合格用词封闭清单的地方。引文为英文原文照录 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 ASA 的在线建议:«The audience should be able to recognise immediately when content is advertising, without having to click or otherwise interact with it»;«It is not, however, acceptable for any disclosure to appear only after clicking “See more” or otherwise clicking on or expanding a post» 这一表述接近美国联邦贸易委员会规则 16 CFR 465.1(c)(4) 中关于不得要求用户采取动作才能看到披露的规定 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 品牌和作者都要负责。ASA 的在线建议:«Both brands and influencers are responsible for ensuring that ads are obviously identifiable»;«When a particular “advertorial” is found to breach the CAP Code, both the publisher (i.e., the influencer) and the brand will be named in the ASA ruling»。法规中«How the system works»一节:«Marketers bear principal responsibility for the marketing communications they produce and must be able to prove the truth of their claims to the ASA»;«Agencies have an obligation to create marketing communications that are accurate, ethical and neither mislead nor cause serious or widespread offence» 关于营销方和代理机构责任的表述来自页面 asa.org.uk/type/non_broadcast/code_section/how-the-system-works.html 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 ASA 的制裁页面没有提到罚款金额。列出的措施有:«Add their name and details of the problem with their advertising to a dedicated section of the ASA website until they comply»;«Ask Search Engines to remove paid-search ads when those ads contain material – or a link to a page on the marketer’s website that contains material – which breaks the rules»;«Place our own paid-search ads to highlight the advertiser’s name and non-compliance»;«Issue Ad Alerts to its media owner members, advising them to withhold services such as access to advertising space»;«Ask its members to revoke, withdraw or temporarily withhold recognition and trading privileges. For example, the Royal Mail can withdraw its bulk mail discount»;«Ask its poster industry members to invoke mandatory pre-vetting for advertisers who have persistently or seriously broken the CAP Code»;«Refer them to other statutory enforcement bodies for the further action, such as Trading Standards» ASA 是自律机构,在已读页面上没有自己的金钱制裁。地址 asa.org.uk/codes-and-rules/sanctions.html 返回 404,有效地址是 /codes-and-rulings/sanctions.html 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 法规中«How the system works»一节:法规适用于«marketing communications within the Code’s remit that are commissioned, prepared, placed or published in the UK»;«The Code does not apply to marketing communications in foreign media»。适用范围页面:«The CAP Code also covers “influencer marketing” content appearing on social media, be it in the form of a blog, vlog, tweet, post, story, reel or other channel-specific format»;用户创作的内容在被营销方的传播«adopted and incorporated»时落入法规,包括通过«retweeting, commenting on, or even simply “liking” a user’s post»的方式。不在适用范围内的:«Entirely unprompted UGC, where a customer initiates the communication by tweeting to your handle or posting to your timeline, and which the marketer does not endorse» 认定标准是广告被委托、制作、投放或发布的地点;关于社交网络适用范围的引文来自页面 asa.org.uk/advice-online/remit-social-media.html 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 «The UK Code of Non-broadcast Advertising, Direct and Promotional Marketing (the CAP Code)»,第 2 节«Recognition of marketing communications»(第 2.1–2.4 条);ASA 的在线建议«Recognising ads: Social media and influencer marketing»;指南«Influencers’ guide to making clear that ads are ads» — 第三版,2023 年 3 月 23 日发布,第一版由«CAP and the CMA»于 2018 年 9 月 28 日发布 已读页面上没有写明法规的版本号和生效日期;网站上法规 PDF 文件的文件名中出现过«v12.2.72»的标记,但写有版本号的页面我们没有打开。指南本身是 PDF,我们读的是资源页面上对它的说明 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
俄罗斯
何时必须标明。 联邦法«О рекламе»第 18.1 条第 16 款:«Реклама, распространяемая в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", за исключением рекламы, размещенной в телепрограммах и телепередачах, радиопрограммах и радиопередачах, распространяемых в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", должна содержать пометку "реклама", а также указание на рекламодателя такой рекламы и (или) сайт, страницу сайта в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", содержащие информацию о рекламодателе такой рекламы»。第 17 款:«Распространение рекламы и (или) социальной рекламы в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет" допускается при условии присвоения оператором рекламных данных соответствующей рекламе или социальной рекламе идентификатора рекламы или идентификатора социальной рекламы, которые представляют собой уникальное цифровое обозначение, предназначенное для обеспечения прослеживаемости распространенных в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет" рекламы и (или) социальной рекламы и учета информации о таких рекламе и (или) социальной рекламе»。第 3 款:广告主、广告发布者、广告系统运营者«обязаны предоставлять информацию или обеспечивать предоставление информации о таких рекламе и (или) социальной рекламе в федеральный орган исполнительной власти, осуществляющий функции по контролю и надзору в сфере средств массовой информации, массовых коммуникаций, информационных технологий и связи» 我们读的是 38-FZ 截至 01.07.2026 的现行版本,来自国家法律信息系统 (GSPI) 官方的«法律信息标准数据库 (Etalonnyy bank pravovoy informatsii)»:actual.pravo.gov.ru,文件 docid 94704,版本 redid 485984(API 地址 actual.pravo.gov.ru:8000/api/ebpi/redtext?bpa=ebpi&t=485984)。任务中给出的 rkn.gov.ru 网站在这台机器上打不开 — 连接超时,fas.gov.ru、pravo.gov.ru、gosuslugi.ru 也一样 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 用词由法律逐字规定:标记为«реклама»(第 18.1 条第 16 款)。对于公益广告 — 第 10 条第 3.19 款:«Социальная реклама, распространяемая в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", должна содержать пометку "Социальная реклама", а также указание на рекламодателя социальной рекламы и на сайт, страницу сайта в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", содержащие информацию о рекламодателе социальной рекламы»。除了这个词以外还要求数字标识:第 18.1 条第 17 款 — «Требования к идентификатору рекламы, идентификатору социальной рекламы, его содержанию, порядок и сроки его присвоения, размещения при распространении рекламы и (или) социальной рекламы в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет", хранения и предоставления в федеральный орган исполнительной власти... устанавливаются указанным федеральным органом исполнительной власти» 法律本身只给出了«reklama»(广告)这个词,并指向 Roskomnadzor(俄罗斯通信监管局)的规范性文件;关于标识要求的 Roskomnadzor 命令文本我们没有读到 — rkn.gov.ru 打不开(连接超时)。«ERIR»和«互联网广告统一登记簿 (edinyy reestr internet-reklamy)»这两种说法在法律文本中一次都没有出现,法律说的是联邦机关对信息的登记和广告数据运营者 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 法律文本中没有对标记位置的要求。放置办法交由 Roskomnadzor(俄罗斯通信监管局)的规范性文件规定 — 第 18.1 条第 17 款:«该标识的分配办法和期限、在信息电信网络"互联网"中发布广告和(或)公益广告时的放置办法和期限、以及其保存和向联邦行政机关提交的办法和期限... 由上述联邦行政机关确定»(我们的译文) 我们检索了 38-FZ 全文(截至 01.07.2026 的版本):没有诸如«在开头»、«在文本被折叠之前»、«在画面中»之类的规定。规定标识放置要求的下位文件没有读到:rkn.gov.ru 在这台机器上打不开 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
需要取得或登记什么。 广告法本身不要求作者进行登记,但设定了两项相关禁止和一个登记簿。第 5 条第 10.6 款:«Не допускается распространение рекламы на персональных страницах, указанных в части 1.3 статьи 10.6 Федерального закона от 27 июля 2006 года № 149-ФЗ "Об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации", пользователями информационного ресурса, создавшими такие персональные страницы»。第 5 条第 10.5 款:«Не допускается распространение рекламы на информационном ресурсе иностранного агента»。第 18.1 条第 7 款:联邦机关«ведет реестр операторов рекламных данных в порядке, определенном указанным федеральным органом исполнительной власти» 149-FZ 法律第 10.6 条第 1.3 款我们没有读 — 即个人页面所有者中具体哪些人落入禁止范围、应向 Roskomnadzor(俄罗斯通信监管局)报送关于自己的哪些信息:那是另一部法律,而带有解释的 rkn.gov.ru 页面无法访问。38-FZ 文本中没有出现针对广告发布者的«许可证 (litsenziya)»或«批准 (razreshenie)»字样 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 第 38 条第 7 款:«Рекламораспространитель несет ответственность за нарушение требований, установленных... частью 16 статьи 18.1... настоящего Федерального закона»。第 38 条第 1 款:«Нарушение физическими или юридическими лицами законодательства Российской Федерации о рекламе влечет за собой ответственность в соответствии с гражданским законодательством»。第 38 条第 4 款:«Нарушение рекламодателями, рекламопроизводителями, рекламораспространителями, лицами, указанными в части 3.13 статьи 10 настоящего Федерального закона, законодательства Российской Федерации о рекламе влечет за собой ответственность в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях»。第 18.1 条第 3 款规定的报送义务由广告主、广告发布者和广告系统运营者承担 第 38 条第 6 款所列(广告主的责任)中没有第 18.1 条;按第 16 款作出«реклама»标记的责任在广告发布者。款号在该数据库中是以上标印刷的(18 1、3 13)— 我们按通常写法给出 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 俄罗斯联邦行政违法法典第 14.3 条。第 15 款——未向 Roskomnadzor(俄罗斯通信监管局)报送信息、违反期限、信息不完整或不实:«处以行政罚款:对公民为 10 000 至 30 000 卢布;对负有职务责任的人员 - 30 000 至 100 000 卢布;对法人 - 200 000 至 500 000 卢布»(我们的译文)。第 16 款:«在信息电信网络"互联网"中发布广告而未由广告数据运营者为该广告分配广告标识,或者违反其放置要求... 处以行政罚款:对公民为 30 000 至 100 000 卢布;对负有职务责任的人员 - 100 000 至 200 000 卢布;对法人 - 200 000 至 500 000 卢布»(我们的译文)。第 17 款——广告数据运营者的违法行为:«处以行政罚款:对负有职务责任的人员 - 100 000 至 200 000 卢布;对法人 - 300 000 至 700 000 卢布»(我们的译文)。第 1 款——一般构成:«对公民为 2 000 至 2 500 卢布;对负有职务责任的人员 - 4 000 至 20 000 卢布;对法人 - 100 000 至 500 000 卢布»(我们的译文) 第 14.3 条第 15-17 款由 24.06.2023 № 274-FZ 号联邦法律加入。我们读的是同一官方数据库中自 26.07.2026 起施行的行政违法法典现行版本:docid 64282,版本 redid 495398。金额照录,按法典文本以文字写出 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 第 18.1 条第 3 款:该义务适用于投放广告的人,其广告«направленные на привлечение внимания потребителей рекламы и (или) социальной рекламы, находящихся на территории Российской Федерации, и соответствующие критериям, определенным Правительством Российской Федерации»。标记要求排除了«размещенная в телепрограммах и телепередачах, радиопрограммах и радиопередачах, распространяемых в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет"»的广告(第 16 款)。针对个别平台的单独禁止:第 5 条第 10.7 款 — «Не допускается распространение рекламы на информационных ресурсах иностранной или международной организации, деятельность которой признана нежелательной на территории Российской Федерации... а также на других информационных ресурсах, доступ к которым ограничен в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации об информации, информационных технологиях и о защите информации» 认定标准不是作者的居住地,而是面向俄罗斯联邦境内消费者的指向性;具体标准由俄罗斯联邦政府的文件确定,该文件我们没有读。第 5 条第 10.7 款由 07.04.2025 № 72-FZ 号联邦法律加入,第 10.6 款由 08.08.2024 № 303-FZ 号法律加入 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 2006 年 3 月 13 日第 38-FZ 号联邦法律«关于广告»第 18.1 条«信息电信网络"互联网"中的广告和公益广告»(该条由 02.07.2021 № 347-FZ 号联邦法律加入,名称为 26.12.2024 № 479-FZ 号联邦法律的版本),截至 01.07.2026 的现行版本;第 38 条«违反俄罗斯联邦广告立法的责任»。俄罗斯联邦行政违法法典 30.12.2001 № 195-FZ 第 14.3 条«违反广告立法»,自 26.07.2026 起的现行版本。按数据库卡片,38-FZ 的公布出处:«议会报 (Parlamentskaya gazeta)» 17.03.2006 № 37;«俄罗斯报 (Rossiyskaya gazeta)» 15.03.2006 № 51;俄罗斯联邦法律汇编 (Sobranie zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii),2006,№ 12,第 1232 条 此外法律中还新增了第 18.2 条«Обязательные отчисления за распространение рекламы в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети "Интернет"»,第 4 款:这些提缴«устанавливаются в размере трех процентов от базы расчета обязательных отчислений»;按第 3 款,计算基数是从面向俄罗斯联邦消费者的互联网广告发布服务取得的季度收入。这与披露无关,但涉及钱,因此记在这里 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
印度
何时必须标明。 ASCI 指南第 1 点:«All advertisements published by social media influencers or their representatives, on such influencers’ accounts must carry a disclosure label that clearly identifies it as an advertisement»。第 1.1 点:«a. Disclosure is required if there is any material connection between the advertiser and the influencer»;«b. Material connection is not limited to monetary compensation. Disclosure is required if there is anything of value given to mention or talk about the advertiser’s product or service»;«c. Disclosures are required even if the evaluations are unbiased or fully originated by the influencer, so long as there is a material connection between the advertiser and influencer»;«d. If there is no material connection and the influencer is telling people about a product or service they bought and happen to like, that is not considered to be an advertisement and no disclosure is required on such posts»。定义:«A material connection is any connection between an advertiser and influencer that may affect the weight or credibility of the representation made by the influencer. Material connection could include, but is not limited to benefits and incentives, such as monetary or other compensation, free products with or without any conditions attached including those received unsolicited, discounts, gifts, contest and sweepstakes entries, trips or hotel stays, media barters, coverage, awards, or any family or employment relationship, etc.» 我们读的是 ASCI 网站上的指南 PDF(文本从 PDF 中提取,引文为英文原文照录)。同一份指南也全文收录在 ASCI 的合订本 ASCI_Codes_Guidelines_Book.pdf 第 44-50 页,以及 2025 年的排版版本 /social/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ASCI-Influencer-Guidelines.pdf — 文本一致,两份都署有«Chairman, Board of Governors, ASCI, August 17th, 2023» 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 封闭清单。第 1.3(a) 点:«Following is the list of disclosure labels permitted. Any one or more can be used: Advertisement; Ad; Sponsored; Collaboration; Partnership; Employee; Free gift; “Paid Partnership” tag on Instagram; Affiliate; “Includes Paid Promotion” tag on YouTube»。第 1.3(b) 点:«The disclosure should be in English OR in the language as the advertisement itself, in a way that is easy for an average consumer to understand»。第 1.4 点:«A virtual influencer must additionally disclose to consumers that they are not interacting with a real human being. This disclosure must be upfront and prominent» 十个标签的清单完整照录;ASCI 明确称其为允许使用的标签清单。在印度获准使用的«Sponsored»和«Collaboration»,英国 ASA 却认为不够 — 这是直接的分歧 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 第 1.2 点:«Disclosure must be upfront and prominent so that it is not missed by an average consumer»;«a. It should be placed in a manner that is hard to miss»;«b. Disclosures are likely to be missed if they appear only on an ABOUT ME or profile page, or bios, at the end of posts or videos, or anywhere that requires a person to click MORE»;«c. Disclosure should not be buried in a group of hashtags or links»;«d. Using a platform’s disclosure tool should be considered in addition to an influencer’s own disclosure»;«e. If the advertisement is only a picture or video post without accompanying text (such as Instagram stories or Snapchat), the disclosure label needs to be superimposed over the picture/video»。时长:«I. For videos that last 15 seconds or lesser, the disclosure label must stay for a minimum of 3 seconds. II. For videos longer than 15 seconds, but less than 2 minutes, the disclosure label should stay for 1/3rd the length of the video. III. For videos which are 2 minutes or longer, the disclosure label must stay for the entire duration of the section in which the promoted brand or its features, benefits etc., are mentioned»。«f. In live streams, the disclosure label should be announced at the beginning and the end of the broadcast»;«g. In the case of audio media, the disclosure must be clearly announced at the beginning and at the end of the audio, and before and after every break that is taken in between» 这是六个法域中唯一一个以秒数和视频时长比例规定标签展示时长的地方 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
需要取得或登记什么。 对广告一般不要求,但对两个行业 ASCI 要求具备资质并披露资质。Addendum II(17.08.2023):«Influencers providing advice and/or promoting and/or commenting on merits or demerits on aspects related to commercial goods and services, in the fields of BFSI and Health & Nutrition, must have the necessary qualifications and certifications in order to provide such information and advice to consumers»;«In the area of BFSI related to stock or investments, they should be registered with SEBI and their SEBI registration number should be stated with their name & qualifications. For other financial advice, the influencer must have suitable qualifications such as an IRDAI insurance license, CA, CS etc.»;«For posts related to health and nutrition, the influencer must have relevant qualifications such as a medical degree, or be a certified nurse, nutritionist, dietician, physiotherapist, psychologist etc.»;«Influencers also must be able to provide proof of such qualifications and certifications should they be asked to by ASCI» 指南中没有像俄罗斯那样对广告本身进行国家登记或使用标识码的要求;有的是对作者在金融和健康领域的资质要求,以及在内容中注明资质的要求。2025 年版本中还加了一句:«Influencers who do not have the required qualifications can share generic information about products or services that are not in the nature of technical advice» 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 第 1.5 点:«Responsibility of disclosure of material connection and also of the content of advertisement is upon the advertiser for whose product or service the advertisement is, and also upon the influencer. For clarity, where advertiser has a material connection with the influencer, advertiser’s responsibility will be to ensure that the posted influencer advertisement is in line with the ASCI code and its guidelines. While the influencer shall be responsible for making disclosures required under the guidelines, the advertiser, shall, where needed, call upon the influencer to delete or edit an advertisement or the disclosure label to adhere to the ASCI Code and Guidelines»。第 2 点«Due Diligence»:«The influencers are advised to review and satisfy themselves that the advertiser is in a position to substantiate the claims made in the advertisement» 按 Addendum I(15.07.2021),如果双方对某条内容是否为广告存在争议,ASCI 要求提交«A declaration from the advertiser stating that there is no material connection between them and the influencer as on the date of the post»,并由广告主的高级职员签署 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 ASCI 没有提到金钱制裁。ASCI 的问答页面:«The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) will issue a notice to both, the brand owner and influencer for violation of any guidelines»;«Continued non-compliant influencers will find themselves in the list of non-compliant influencers»。ASCI 的法规本身是自律文件:«This is a self-imposed discipline required under this Code for Self-Regulation in Advertising from all involved in the commissioning, creation, placement or publishing of advertisements»。按 ASCI 合订本,国家对该法规的承认:Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994 第 7 条 — «No advertisement which violates the Code for self-regulation in advertising, as adopted by the Advertising Standard Council of India (ASCI), Mumbai, for public exhibition in India, from time to time, shall be carried in the cable service»;«The Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) had partnered with ASCI to address all complaints pertaining to misleading advertisements received on Grievances Against Misleading Advertisements (GAMA) portal» 已读的 ASCI 页面上没有罚款数额,我们也不去推算。国家层面的责任线(中央消费者保护局、2019 年消费者权益保护法)在 ASCI 的官方页面上没有展开;印度政府部门的网站我们没有为这一行去读。ASCI 的 /non-compliance/ 和 /code-cases/ 板块在其 robots.txt 中被关闭,我们没有请求 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 ASCI 法规中关于遵守责任的部分:«This Code applies to advertisements read, heard or viewed in India even if they originate, or are published abroad, as long as they are directed to consumers in India or are exposed to significant number of consumers in India»;«The responsibility for the observance of this Code for Self-Regulation in Advertising lies with all who commission, create, place or publish any advertisement, or assist in the creation or publishing of any advertisement»。作者指南的生效时间出自 ASCI 2021 年 5 月 27 日的新闻稿:«The guidelines will be applicable to commercial messages or advertisements published on or after June 14, 2021» 这是六个法域中适用范围表述最宽的:只要广告面向印度消费者,或者被相当数量的印度消费者看到即可,发布地点并不重要。新闻稿:ascionline.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/press-release-influencer-guidelines-2021.pdf 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 «Guidelines for Influencer Advertising in Digital Media»,Advertising Standards Council of India;署名«Chairman, Board of Governors, ASCI, August 17th, 2023»;Addendum I 日期为 15.07.2021,Addendum II 日期为 17.08.2023,题为«For Health and Financial Influencers»。总的文件 — «The Code for Self-Regulation of Advertising Content in India»(ASCI 合订本 ASCI_Codes_Guidelines_Book.pdf,作者指南见第 44-50 页)。按 ASCI 2021 年 5 月 27 日的新闻稿,指南的生效日期为 2021 年 6 月 14 日 ASCI 不是国家机关,而是自律委员会;这一点使印度的制度不同于俄罗斯和中国,而更接近英国 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
西班牙
何时必须标明。 Autocontrol 法规第 6 条«Deber de identificabilidad»:«La naturaleza publicitaria de las menciones realizadas por influencers o de los contenidos digitales divulgados por estos, que tengan tal consideración publicitaria, deberá ser identificable para sus destinatarios. En aquellos casos en los que dicha naturaleza publicitaria no sea clara y manifiesta a la vista de la propia mención o contenido, se deberá incluir una indicación explícita, inmediata y adecuada al medio y mensaje, sobre la naturaleza publicitaria de tales menciones o contenidos»(我们的译文:提及和内容的广告性质应当能被受众识别;如果从信息本身看这一性质并不明显,就应当加入明确的、即时的、与媒介相适应的提示)。第 5 条把下列内容列为对价:«el pago directo (o indirecto a través de agencias), la entrega gratuita de un producto, la entrada gratuita a eventos, la prestación gratuita de un servicio... los enlaces de afiliación, los cheques regalo, las bolsas regalo y los viajes»。第 13/2022 号法律第 121.3 条:«Las comunicaciones comerciales audiovisuales deben estar claramente diferenciadas del contenido editorial mediante mecanismos ópticos y/o acústicos y/o espaciales»;第 122.3 条禁止«la comunicación comercial audiovisual encubierta» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文;相关表述照录。法规为 2025 年版本,自 2025 年 10 月 1 日起施行。第 13/2022 号法律的文本我们读的是官方 BOE 门户上的合并版本:boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-11311 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 Autocontrol 法规第 6 条:«a. A tal fin, se recomienda el uso preferente de los mecanismos ofrecidos por las propias plataformas digitales para identificar un contenido como publicitario. Por ejemplo, “incluye contenido promocional” en YouTube, “contenido promocional” o “colaboración de pago” en TikTok o “colaboración pagada con [marca]” en Instagram. b. Se deben usar indicaciones genéricas claras tales como: “publicidad”, “publi”, “en colaboración con”, “colaboración pagada”, “Embajador de [marca]” o “patrocinado por”. c. Por el contrario, no se deben utilizar indicaciones genéricas o poco claras tales como: “información”, “legal”, “Colab”, “Sponso”, “sp”, “Gracias a [marca]”, “Regalo de [marca]”, “Viaje patrocinado”, etc., o indicaciones en un idioma distinto al de la comunicación tales como “Ad” o “Advertising”. La simple inclusión del hashtag de la marca no será, per se, suficiente para identificar el carácter publicitario del contenido» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文;标签按西班牙文照录。与印度和美国的直接分歧:在西班牙语内容中使用英文的«Ad»和«Advertising»被法规明确禁止,要求使用信息本身语言的用词 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 Autocontrol 法规第 6.d 条:«La indicación relativa a la naturaleza publicitaria de la mención o contenido debe insertarse al inicio del mensaje comercial de forma fácilmente visible. En consecuencia, no serán suficientes aquellas indicaciones que aparezcan mezcladas con otro tipo de información (por ejemplo, junto a otros hashtags) o que requieran una acción por parte del usuario (por ejemplo, hacer clic en “ver más” o “más”)»。第 6.e 条:«Cuando el contenido sujeto a este Código se comparta o repostee en otras redes, plataformas o páginas web, la indicación relativa a la naturaleza publicitaria debe mantenerse o añadirse en su caso»。法规末尾的提要:«El influencer debe asegurar que la indicación del carácter publicitario ofrecida por la plataforma se mantiene cuando el contenido se comparta o repostee» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文。法规附件一对每个平台和格式分别给出建议;附件文本中出现了«desde el inicio»的要求和针对直播的规则,我们只给出一般性规范,以免复述整张表格 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
需要取得或登记什么。 是,对大号作者要求登记。第 13/2022 号法律第 94.4 条:«Los usuarios de especial relevancia en los servicios de intercambio de vídeo a través de plataforma deberán inscribirse en el Registro estatal de Prestadores de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual previsto en el artículo 39»。门槛由第 444/2024 号王室法令第 3.1 条规定:«tendrán la consideración de ingresos significativos, los ingresos brutos devengados en el año natural anterior, iguales o superiores a 300.000 euros, derivados exclusivamente de la actividad de los usuarios en el conjunto de los servicios de intercambio de vídeos a través de plataforma que empleen»;第 4.1 条:«a) Que el servicio alcance, en algún momento del año natural anterior, un número de seguidores igual o superior a 1.000.000 en un único servicio de intercambio de vídeos a través de plataforma; o un número de seguidores igual o superior a 2.000.000, de forma agregada... b) Que... se haya publicado o compartido un número de vídeos igual o superior a 24 en el año natural anterior, con independencia de su duración» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文;门槛照录,且须与第 13/2022 号法律第 94.2 条的其余条件同时满足。这是六个法域中继俄罗斯之后第二个设有国家登记的,但西班牙的登记针对的是作者的身份,而不是每一条广告信息 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 Autocontrol 法规第 12 条«Responsabilidad»:«La responsabilidad por la infracción de lo dispuesto en el presente Código podrá alcanzar a todos los sujetos implicados en la comunicación comercial. No obstante, un sujeto podrá exonerar su responsabilidad si acredita de forma suficiente que la infracción es consecuencia de un incumplimiento puntual y manifiesto de las indicaciones o instrucciones dadas al influencer»;«Cuando se concluya que la mención o contenido promocional ha sido difundido por iniciativa exclusiva del influencer, sin intervención ni relación alguna por parte del anunciante o sus agentes, la responsabilidad, en su caso, podrá ser atribuida en exclusiva al influencer o sus agentes» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文。西班牙这份法规是已读六份文件中唯一直接写明作者违反其所受指示时广告主可免责的 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 两条线。自律方面:法规 A.1 节 — 加入者承诺«acatar y cumplir de forma inmediata el contenido de las resoluciones que el Jurado de la Publicidad de AUTOCONTROL pueda emitir»;C.4 节 — «Las resoluciones serán hechas públicas a través de su inserción en la página web u otros medios de la aea, AUTOCONTROL e IAB Spain»;法规不设定金钱罚款。法律方面:第 158.31 条把«El incumplimiento en un período ininterrumpido de un mes de las obligaciones establecidas en el artículo 94 por parte de los usuarios de especial relevancia»列为严重违法,第 159.9 条把«El incumplimiento de las obligaciones establecidas en el artículo 94 por parte de los usuarios de especial relevancia que no constituyan infracción grave»列为轻微违法。第 160.2 条对严重违法:«multa: 1.º De hasta 30.000 euros para aquellos servicios cuyos ingresos... sean inferiores a dos millones de euros; 2.º De hasta 150.000 euros... 3.º De hasta 300.000 euros... 4.º De hasta el uno coma cinco por ciento de los ingresos devengados en el ejercicio inmediatamente anterior... con un máximo de 750.000 euros»。第 160.1 条对特别严重的违法 — 至多 60.000、300.000、600.000 欧元以及«hasta el tres por ciento de los ingresos... con un máximo de 1.500.000 euros» 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文;金额照录。罚款档次挂钩的是视听服务的收入,而不是广告本身的严重程度。监管由国家市场与竞争委员会(CNMC)负责,这一点写在 Autocontrol 法规的引言中 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 法规是自愿性的:第 1 节«Ámbito subjetivo»:«Las empresas adheridas a la aea, a AUTOCONTROL y a IAB Spain, así como los influencers, las agencias de influencers, las agencias de publicidad y otras empresas que se adhieran al presente Código, se comprometen a cumplir en sus comunicaciones comerciales las normas incluidas en el mismo»。法律则挂钩设立地:第 13/2022 号法律第 94.2.e 条要求«El servicio se ofrece a través de redes de comunicaciones electrónicas y está establecido en España de conformidad con el apartado 2 del artículo 3»。第 94.3 条把教育与科研机构、博物馆和剧院、政府机关和政党、推广自有商品的企业和个体经营者,以及协会和非政府组织排除在这些义务之外 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文。西班牙是六者中唯一由法律直接要求作者在本国设立的;在印度和英国,认定标准挂钩的是受众和发布地点 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 «Código de Conducta de publicidad a través de influencers»,由 Asociación Española de Anunciantes (aea)、AUTOCONTROL 和 IAB Spain 共同制定,自 2025 年 10 月 1 日起施行(F 节:«El presente Código de Conducta entra en vigor el 1 de octubre de 2025»);第一版为 2020-2021 年。Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual,第 39、94、121、122、158、159、160 条(合并版本 BOE-A-2022-11311)。Real Decreto 444/2024, de 30 de abril,«por el que se regulan los requisitos a efectos de ser considerado usuario de especial relevancia de los servicios de intercambio de vídeos a través de plataforma, en desarrollo del artículo 94 de la Ley 13/2022»(BOE-A-2024-8716) 译文为我们所作,原文为西班牙文。法规的引言本身援引了欧盟委员会关于指令 2005/29/EC 的 2021/C 526/01 号指引 — 也就是说西班牙的规则是搭建在本文件 eu 那一行之上的 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
阿联酋
何时必须标明。 要求不是建立在标记上,而是建立在许可上。委员会的指南:«The regulatory decision requires all individuals—citizens, residents, or visitors—to obtain the permit before publishing any advertising content on social media for any product, service, event, or activity within the UAE»。对广告本身的要求:«Advertisements must be clear and unambiguous»;«Advertisements must not harm the public interest, directly or indirectly»;«Prior approval must be obtained for specialized ads (e.g., real estate, healthcare, finance, education, food, or others as determined by the Council)»;«No false or misleading product information may be published»。持证人的义务:«Display the permit number clearly on all social media accounts» 在已读的官方页面上,我们没有找到用«广告»一词或类似标记来标注内容的要求:我们查了指南«Guide for the Permit to Regulate Advertising Content on Social Media»,以及 nma.gov.ae/ar/uae/media-content-standards 上的«معايير المحتوى الإعلامي»(媒体内容标准)清单 — 那里讲的是体面、真实和对国家的尊重,而不是披露广告性质。任务中给出的 uaemediacouncil.gov.ae 地址完全无法解析;阿联酋媒体委员会现在以«الهيئة الوطنية للإعلام»(National Media Authority)的名义出现,网站为 nma.gov.ae,而指南放在 cms.nmo.gov.ae 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 指南中持证人的义务:«Display the permit number clearly on all social media accounts»;«Publish ads only through the account registered with the Council»;«Do not allow third parties to use the registered account for ads» 讲的是在账号中展示许可编号,而不是在具体内容中放置标记;文件中没有关于«在“更多”按钮之前»、标签展示时长之类的规则 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
需要取得或登记什么。 是,许可为强制要求。指南:«Scope of Application: The permit applies to all individuals (citizens, residents, visitors) who produce advertising content, with or without compensation, on social media platforms or any modern technological means from within the UAE»。类别:«Citizen or Resident Advertiser: Valid for one year, renewable. Visiting Advertiser: Valid for three months, extendable up to six months»。发放条件包括:«Be fully competent and not less than 18 years old»;«Be of good conduct and not convicted of crimes involving dishonor or breach of trust, unless rehabilitated»;«Not have previously violated media content standards»;«Hold a valid commercial license for electronic media activity from the relevant authority»;«Successfully complete awareness and training programs organized by the Council»;«Have no outstanding financial dues to the Council»。期限:«The Council reviews the application within three working days after submission of all required documents»;«If no decision is issued within 15 working days from submission, the application is deemed rejected»;«Permits expire 30 days after their validity period if not renewed»。国家媒体局服务页面所列规费:«رسوم الخدمة: أول 3 سنوات بدون رسوم بعدها يتم تحصيل 1000 درهم»(我们的翻译:前三年免费,此后收取 1000 迪拉姆);«زمن تقديم الخدمة: 3 أيام عمل» 条件与期限取自理事会的英文指南;规费和办理时限取自阿拉伯文服务页面 «تصريح معلن للشخص طبيعي لتقديم محتوى إعلاني أو إعلامي في وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وغيرها من الوسائل التقنية الحديثة (الأفراد)»,翻译为我们所作,原文为阿拉伯文。PDF 本身的规费表中数字无法提取:字体没有数字映射,只能看到 «Free» 和 «First 3 years» 字样;因此金额取自服务页面。许可自何日起成为强制要求,我们在已读的官方页面上没有找到 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 指南把三类主体分开。持证人:«Comply with media content standards»;«Verify the identity of advertisers and avoid dealing with fake or anonymous accounts»;«Obtain necessary approvals from relevant authorities where required»;«Submit an annual report of published ads when renewing or upon Council’s request»;«Register for taxation and obtain a Tax Registration Number in line with UAE laws»。广告主:«Contract only with a permit holder listed in the Council’s public database»;«Ensure the permit holder complies with all conditions»;«Avoid dealing with unauthorized visiting advertisers»;«Sign a written agreement with the advertiser and provide a copy to the Council upon request»;«Preserve national identity and cultural heritage by using Emirati talent or individuals fluent in the Emirati dialect»。代理机构:«Agencies must maintain organized records including: Names of contracted permit holders. Copies of advertising content published by them. Detailed information about client entities»;«Records must be retained for 3 years» 阿联酋是六个法域中唯一把广告主的义务表述为按委员会的公开数据库核验作者许可的,也是唯一在文件中要求使用阿联酋本土人才或熟练掌握阿联酋方言者的 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 已读指南中没有金钱罚款。提到的是吊销和暂停:«The Council may cancel the permit in the following cases (without prejudice to other penalties): Breach of conditions, regulations, or obligations. Publishing advertising content violating approved media standards. Providing inaccurate, falsified, or misleading information in the application. Issuance of a final criminal conviction for felony or crimes of dishonor. At the request of the permit holder (with fee payment), before expiry»;«The Council may suspend the permit temporarily if required in the public interest» «without prejudice to other penalties»这一保留指向其他制裁,但指南没有给出它们的数额。2023 年第 55 号关于媒体监管的联邦法令法文本我们没有读到:在可访问的地址上没有找到载有其全文的官方页面,因此不给出金额 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 指南:«The permit applies to all individuals (citizens, residents, visitors) who produce advertising content, with or without compensation, on social media platforms or any modern technological means from within the UAE»。例外:«An individual promoting a product or service belonging to themselves or a company they own via their personal account»;«Individuals under 18 years old who produce educational, sports, cultural, or awareness content, provided the activity complies with age classification rules»。对访客:«Visiting advertisers may obtain a permit if registered with a licensed and Council-approved advertising or talent agency»;«The contract between the visiting advertiser and the agency must assign legal responsibility to the agency» 认定标准是«from within the UAE»,即发布地点,而不是国籍也不是受众。这与印度和美国的标准正好相反 — 在那里重要的是受众,发布地点无关紧要 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。 «Guide for the Permit to Regulate Advertising Content on Social Media», UAE Media Council。指南本身给出的法律依据:«The Advertiser Permit is based on: Decision No. (3) of 2025 issued by the Chairman of the UAE Media Council, Federal Decree-Law No. (55) of 2023 on Media Regulation, Related Cabinet Resolutions»。电子服务名称为 «تصريح معلن للشخص طبيعي لتقديم محتوى إعلاني أو إعلامي في وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي وغيرها من الوسائل التقنية الحديثة (الأفراد)»,见国家媒体局门户;按指南所述,申请通过 eservices.uaemc.gov.ae 提交 指南文件本身没有给出发布日期;决定与法律的编号按指南自己的写法引用。第 3 号(2025 年)决定和第 55 号(2023 年)法令法的正文我们没有读过 — 没有找到可访问的、载有其全文的官方页面 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
中国
何时必须标明。 中华人民共和国广告法第十四条:«广告应当具有可识别性,能够使消费者辨明其为广告。大众传播媒介不得以新闻报道形式变相发布广告。通过大众传播媒介发布的广告应当显著标明“广告”,与其他非广告信息相区别,不得使消费者产生误解»(我们的译文:广告应当具有可识别性,使消费者能辨明其为广告;大众传播媒介不得以新闻报道形式变相发布广告;通过大众传播媒介发布的广告应当显著标明“广告”,与非广告信息相区别,不得使消费者产生误解)。《互联网广告管理办法》第九条:«互联网广告应当具有可识别性,能够使消费者辨明其为广告。对于竞价排名的商品或者服务,广告发布者应当显著标明“广告”,与自然搜索结果明显区分。除法律、行政法规禁止发布或者变相发布广告的情形外,通过知识介绍、体验分享、消费测评等形式推销商品或者服务,并附加购物链接等购买方式的,广告发布者应当显著标明“广告”»(我们的译文:以知识介绍、体验分享、消费测评等形式推销商品或者服务并附加购物链接等购买方式的,广告发布者应当显著标明“广告”) 译文为我们所作,原文为中文;汉语表述照录。法律读自国家市场监督管理总局(SAMR)网站,《互联网广告管理办法》(SAMR 2023 年 2 月 25 日第 72 号令)读自国务院公报:gov.cn/gongbao/2023/issue_10506/202306/content_6885261.html。关于“体验分享、消费测评并附购物链接”的表述,正是直接针对博主内容的 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
用什么措辞。 用词由法律逐字规定:«广告»。《互联网广告可识别性执法指南》(SAMR,22.08.2024)第 6 点:«广告发布者(或者自行发布广告的广告主,下同)可以通过文字标注、语音提示等方式,增强互联网广告的可识别性。通过文字标注方式的,应当显著标明“广告”。通过语音提示方式的,应当通过清晰的语音提示其为“广告”»(我们的译文:可以通过文字标注或语音提示增强可识别性;采用文字标注的应当显著标明“广告”,采用语音提示的应当以清晰语音提示其为广告)。第 14 点:«互联网广告发布者在显著标明“广告”的同时,鼓励其标明广告发布者身份。对于使用人工智能(AI)技术生成或者深度合成技术制作的广告,鼓励广告发布者作出“本广告使用AI技术”“本广告使用深度合成技术”“本广告由AI技术生成”等提示»(我们的译文:在显著标明“广告”的同时,鼓励标明发布者身份;对以人工智能或深度合成技术制作的广告,鼓励作出相应提示)。第 3 点:«是否显著标明“广告”,不是广告的判定依据»(我们的译文:是否标明“广告”本身并不决定该信息是否属于广告) 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。中国是六个法域中唯一由监管者直接写到为人工智能制作的广告加标记的 — 不过是以鼓励而非义务的形式 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
标在什么位置。 法律中没有对标记位置的要求,有的是认定广告具有可识别性的标准。SAMR 指南第 7 点:«广告发布者、互联网信息服务提供者通过设置专门区域,并显著标明“广告”或者以其他方式明确告知该区域内商业信息均为广告的,可以认定该区域内广告具有可识别性»。第 8 点:如果«商品经营者或者服务提供者通过自有的网站、网页、互联网应用程序等,对自己所销售的商品或者提供的服务发布广告的»,或者经营者在平台上自有空间发布并且«并且利用其账号名称、店铺名称等方式向消费者公开其商品经营者或者服务提供者身份的»,可以认定具有可识别性。第 9 点关于直播:如果«直播间运营者或者直播营销人员在直播营销活动中始终显著标明其为商品经营者或者服务提供者,或者消费者可以通过其账号名称识别其上述身份的»;«在直播页面显著标明直播内容为广告的»;«在直播过程中对广告时段的起止点作出显著标明或者明确语音提示的»,即认定具有可识别性。第 10 点要求监管重点查处包括«在新闻资讯、互联网视听内容等互联网信息内容流中发布广告,未显著标明“广告”的»在内的行为 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。对于直播,要求标明广告时段的起止点或以清晰语音提示 — 这是最接近印度关于标签展示时长规则的做法 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
需要取得或登记什么。 已读文件中没有对作者的登记或标识码的要求。有的是个别行业的事前审查和保存材料的义务:《办法》第七条 — «发布医疗、药品、医疗器械、农药、兽药、保健食品、特殊医学用途配方食品广告等法律、行政法规规定应当进行审查的广告,应当在发布前由广告审查机关对广告内容进行审查;未经审查,不得发布»。第十四条要求经营者和发布者«查验并登记广告主的真实身份、地址和有效联系方式等信息,建立广告档案并定期查验更新»,保存期限为«自广告发布行为终了之日起不少于三年»。第十六条要求平台«记录、保存利用其信息服务发布广告的用户真实身份信息,信息记录保存时间自信息服务提供行为终了之日起不少于三年» 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。我们在《办法》和广告法全文中检索过针对作者的许可或执照字样 — 没有;法律要求的不是对个人发放许可,而是由平台保存其真实身份信息三年 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
由谁承担责任。 责任按法律第二条界定的角色分配:广告主、广告经营者、广告发布者、广告代言人(«广告主以外的,在广告中以自己的名义或者形象对商品、服务作推荐、证明的自然人、法人或者其他组织»)。缺乏可识别性的责任在发布者:SAMR 指南第 4 点 — «互联网广告不具有可识别性的,广告发布者应当依法承担相应的法律责任。广告主自行发布互联网广告的,应当承担广告发布者责任»;第 5 点 — «互联网平台用户利用平台信息服务发布广告的,该用户是广告发布者»。《办法》第十九条关于直播:«商品销售者或者服务提供者通过互联网直播方式推销商品或者服务,构成商业广告的,应当依法承担广告主的责任和义务。直播间运营者接受委托提供广告设计、制作、代理、发布服务的,应当依法承担广告经营者、广告发布者的责任和义务。直播营销人员...以自己的名义或者形象对商品、服务作推荐、证明,构成广告代言的,应当依法承担广告代言人的责任和义务»。法律第三十八条:广告代言人«不得为其未使用过的商品或者未接受过的服务作推荐、证明» 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。指南第 5 点直接把平台用户称为广告发布者 — 也就是说博主承担的不是“代言人”的责任,而是作为广告发布媒介的责任 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
处罚。 广告法第五十九条第三款:«广告违反本法第十四条规定,不具有可识别性的,或者违反本法第十九条规定,变相发布医疗、药品、医疗器械、保健食品广告的,由市场监督管理部门责令改正,对广告发布者处十万元以下的罚款»(我们的译文:广告违反第十四条不具有可识别性的,由市场监督管理部门责令改正,并对广告发布者处十万元以下罚款)。《互联网广告管理办法》第二十五条:«违反本办法第八条、第九条规定... 或者互联网广告不具有可识别性的,依照广告法第五十九条第三款规定予以处罚»。对广告代言人,法律第六十一条:«由市场监督管理部门没收违法所得,并处违法所得一倍以上二倍以下的罚款» — 其中包括«明知或者应知广告虚假仍在广告中对商品、服务作推荐、证明的»。《办法》第三十一条:处罚决定«通过国家企业信用信息公示系统向社会公示»,情节严重的列入«严重违法失信名单» 译文为我们所作,原文为中文;金额照录。SAMR 指南第 13 点:首次违反可识别性要求、危害后果轻微并及时改正的,«可以依法不予行政处罚» — 可以不予处罚 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
适用于谁。 广告法第二条:«在中华人民共和国境内,商品经营者或者服务提供者通过一定媒介和形式直接或者间接地介绍自己所推销的商品或者服务的商业广告活动,适用本法»。《办法》第二条:«在中华人民共和国境内,利用网站、网页、互联网应用程序等互联网媒介,以文字、图片、音频、视频或者其他形式,直接或者间接地推销商品或者服务的商业广告活动,适用广告法和本办法的规定»(我们的译文:在中华人民共和国境内,通过网站、网页、互联网应用程序等以文字、图片、音频、视频或其他形式开展的商业广告活动,适用广告法和本办法)。《办法》第二十条规定了管辖:«对违法互联网广告实施行政处罚,由广告发布者所在地市场监督管理部门管辖» 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。认定标准是中华人民共和国境内这一地域;文本中没有像印度或美国那样的“面向消费者”的标准。另有涉及社交媒体营销的单独禁止:《办法》第六条禁止互联网烟草广告(包括电子烟)和处方药广告 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
现行文件。《中华人民共和国广告法》,第二、十四、三十八、五十九、六十一条 — 文本见国家市场监督管理总局(SAMR)网站。《互联网广告管理办法》,SAMR 第 72 号令:«《互联网广告管理办法》已经2023年2月24日市场监管总局第3次局务会议通过,现予公布,自2023年5月1日起施行»,由局长罗文于 2023 年 2 月 25 日签署;第三十二条:《互联网广告管理暂行办法》(原国家工商行政管理总局 2016 年 7 月 4 日第 87 号令)同时废止。《互联网广告可识别性执法指南》,SAMR 于 2024 年 8 月 22 日公布,8 月 23 日在网站发布 译文为我们所作,原文为中文。存有《办法》部门版本的官方门户 gkml.samr.gov.cn 在这台机器上无法解析;《办法》文本取自国务院公报(gov.cn),法律和指南取自主站 samr.gov.cn 来源, 已核查 2026-08-04
该怎么做
- 以您的居住地为准,而不是以平台所在国为准。 要求针对的是投放广告的人。
- 标记要放在开头,而不是结尾。几乎所有监管机构 都是这么规定的:需要展开或向下滚动才能看到的 披露,不算披露。
- 平台的规则并不取消法律。 Встроенная пометка “付费合作”标记只满足平台自身的规则; 它并非在所有地方都能满足监管机构的要求。
- 请核对平台自身关于外部链接的规则—— 平台限制.
另请参阅:收益:谁付费、为什么付费 · 您所在国家适用哪些条款